Vodka is typically made through a process of distillation from grains, potatoes, or other starchy or sugary substances. Here's a general overview of how vodka is made:

1. Raw Ingredients: Vodka can be made from a variety of raw materials, including grains such as wheat, rye, barley, and corn, as well as potatoes, grapes, or other fruits. The choice of raw material can influence the flavor and characteristics of the final vodka.

2. Mashing: The raw ingredients are first milled or ground into a coarse powder to expose their starches or sugars. They are then mixed with water and cooked in a process called mashing, which converts the starches into fermentable sugars.

3. Fermentation: The mash is cooled to a suitable temperature, and yeast is added to initiate fermentation. The yeast converts the sugars in the mash into alcohol and carbon dioxide through the process of fermentation. This typically takes several days to complete.

4. Distillation: After fermentation, the liquid—now known as the "wash" or "beer"—is distilled to increase its alcohol content and remove impurities. Vodka is typically distilled multiple times to achieve a high level of purity and smoothness. The distillation process involves heating the liquid to create alcohol vapor, which is then condensed back into liquid form.

5. Rectification: Some vodka producers may further refine their product through rectification, which involves additional distillation or filtration steps to remove any remaining impurities and achieve the desired level of clarity and smoothness.

6. Dilution: Once the distillation process is complete, the vodka is often diluted with water to reach the desired alcohol content. The water used for dilution is typically purified to ensure its quality and neutrality, as it can significantly impact the final taste of the vodka.

7. Packaging: Finally, the vodka is filtered, bottled, and packaged for distribution and consumption. Some producers may choose to bottle their vodka immediately after distillation, while others may age or flavor their vodka before bottling.

It's important to note that the specific production methods and ingredients used can vary among vodka producers, leading to differences in flavor, aroma, and character. Additionally, regulations regarding vodka production may vary by country, influencing factors such as labeling, quality standards, and allowable ingredients.